From Fama and Ossa to the Modern Doctrine of Objectivity in American Journalism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52575/2712-7451-2024-43-3-266-277Keywords:
objectivity, news, history of journalismAbstract
In the modern view, news should act as an accurate and reliable message about a real event. However, this was not always the case. In the days of European antiquity, there was no boundary separating authentic reports from rumors and rumor, and the concept of "news" as such. The present study is an attempt to trace the history of the formation of the doctrine of objectivity in Western journalism, which is a set of rules designed to ensure the best possible approximation to the truth in news coverage. The author concludes that the most important stages in its development include the emergence of news collection and distribution as a self-maintaining occupation, coming into being of the "journalistic method" in the 19th century, and the emergence of ethical codes of journalism in early 20th century.
References
Список источников
Аристотель. 1983. Политика. Пер. С.А. Жебелева. Под ред. А. И. Доватура. В кн.: Аристотель. Сочинения в 4-х томах. Том 4. Перевод с древнегреч. под ред. А.И. Доватура. Москва, Мысль: 375–644. (Aristoteles’. 1879. Politik, 2 Т. Greichisch und Doutch hrsg. von Dr. F. Susemihl. Leipzig.)
Архангельский А. Два мифа о журналистике. Взгляд [газета]. 7 апреля 2008. URL: https://vz.ru/columns/2008/4/7/157655.html (дата обращения: 12.7.2024).
Вергилий М.П. 1971. Буколики. Георгики. Энеида. Пер. с лат. Пер. с лат. С. Шервинского, С. Ошерова и др. Под ред. С. Шервинского. Москва, Художественная литература, 447 с. (Virgil. 1938. T. I. Eclogues. Georgics. Aeneid I—VI. Loeb Classical Library)
Гомер. 2008. Илиада. Пер. Н.И. Гнедича. Санкт-Петербург, Наука, 572 с. (Homeri Opera τόμοι I-II. 1920. Επιμ. David B. Monro και Thomas W. Allen. Oxonii, e typographeo Clarendoniano)
Дворецкий Х.И. 1976. Латинско-русский словарь. Москва, Русский язык, 1096 с.
Кондратенко В. М. 1986. Под маской объективности. «Нью-Йорк таймс»: американская информационно-пропагандистская машина. М., Мысль, 240 с.
Павсаний. 2002. Описание Эллады. Т. 1. Ладомир. Пер. с греч. С.П. Кондратьева. Под ред. Е.В. Никитюк. Москва, АСТ. Глава 17. URL: https://ancientrome.ru/ antlitr/t.htm?a=1385000117#1 (дата обращения: 21 июня 2024) (Pausanias. 1903. Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio, 3 vols. Ed. F. Spiro. Leipzig, Teubner.)
Эсхин. 2013. Против Тимарха. Пер. Э.Д. Фролова. В кн.: Исократ. Речи. Письма; Малые аттические ораторы. Речи. Под ред. Э.Д. Фролова. Москва, Ладомир: 603–657. (Eschine. 1927. Discours. Texte etabli et traduit par V. Martin et G. de Bude, Tome I (Collection des Universites de France), Paris.)
A Free and Responsible Press. 1947. A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines, and Books. By the Commission on Freedom of the Press. Ed. R.D. Leigh. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 139 p.
Encyclopedia of the Novel. 2014. Vol. 2. M—Z. Ed. P. Schellinger. New York, Routledge, 838 p.
Foucault M. 1977. Truth and Power. In: Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 Michel Foucault. Ed. C. Gordon. Translated C. Gordon, L. Marshall, Jо. Mepham, K. Soper. New York, Pantheon Books: 109–133.
Villard O.G. 1914. Some Weaknesses of Modern Journalism. Address Delivered at Kansas Newspaper Week. (Kansas, May 10 to 14, 1914). University of Kansas News-Bulletin, XV(6): 21 p.
Список литературы
References
Буасье Г. 2008. Газета Древнего Рима. Пер. Н.П. Новоборской. В кн.: История печати: антология. Т. 3. Под ред. Я.Н. Засурского, О.А. Бакулина. Москва, Аспект-Пресс: 5–32.
Buas'e G. 2008. Gazeta Drevnego Rima [Newspaper of Ancient Rome]. Trans. N.P. Novoborskaya. In: Istoriya pechati [History of Printing]. Anthology. Vol. 3. Eds. Ya.N. Zasursky, O.A. Bakulin. Moscow, Publ. Aspekt-Press: 5–32.
Бунин А.В. 1953. История градостроительного искусства. Рабовладельческий строй. Феодализм. Капитализм. Т. 1. Москва, Государственное издательство литературы по строительству и архитектуре, 529 с.
Bunin A.V. 1953. Istoriya gradostroitel'nogo iskusstva. Rabovladel'cheskii stroi. Feodalizm. Kapitalizm [History of urban planning art. Slave-owning system. Feudalism. Capitalism]. Vol. 1. Moscow, Publ. Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo literatury po stroitel'stvu i arkhitekture, 529 p.
Виниченко В.М. 2022. Феномен новостей в трактовке Т. Пейcера, 1690 г. Известия южного федерального университета. Филологические науки, 26(4): 188–200. DOI: 10.18522/1995-0640-2022-4-188-200
Vinichenko V.M. 2022. Phenomenon of News in the Interpretation of T. Peucer, 1690. Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology, 26(4): 188–200. (in Russia). DOI: 10.18522/1995-0640-2022-4-188-200
Короченский А.П. 1999. Этическое регулирование журналистской деятельности (зарубежный опыт). Ростов-на-Дону, Гефест, 493 с.
Korochenskii A.P. 1999. Eticheskoe regulirovanie zhurnalistskoi deyatel'nosti (zaru-bezhnyi opyt) [Ethical regulation of journalistic activity (foreign experience)]. Rostov-on-Don, Publ. Gefest, 493 р. 112 p.
Кошкин П.Г. 2019. Американская журналистика и постправда. Москва, Весь мир, 288 с.
Koshkin P. G. 2019. American journalism and the post truth. Moscow, Publ. Ves' mir, 288 p. (in Russian).
Яковлева М.Г. 2016. Объективное vs реальное: критические замечания к концепции объективной журналистики. Медиаскоп, 4. https://repository.kpfu.ru/?p_id=149865 (дата обращения: 21.05.2024).
Yakovleva M. G. 2016. Ob"ektivnoe vs real'noe: kriticheskie zamechaniya k kontseptsii ob"ektivnoy zhurnalistiki [Objective vs Real: Critical remarks on the concept of objective journalism] Mediascope, 4. URL: http://www.mediascope.ru/2208 Accessed: 21.05.2024 (in Russian).
Andrews L.O. 1910. What Is News? The Sewanee Review, 18(1): 47–55.
Brooks B.S., Kennedy G., Moen D.R., Ranly D. 2001. Telling the Story: Writing for Print, Broadcast & Online Media. Bedford/Saint Martin's, 366 p.
De Beer A.S., Van Ryneveld L.F., Schreiner W.N. 2000. Leipzig: From Tobias Peucer’s De relationibus novellis (1690) to Ecquid Novi. Ecquid Novi, 21(1):6–61.
Gibaldi Jo. 1975. The Renaissance Theory of the Novella. Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée, 2(3): 201–227.
Hartley J. 1994. Understanding News. Routledge, 203 p.
Ickes H.L. 1939. America's House of Lords. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co., 214 р.
Johnson S., Harris J. 1942. The Complete Reporter: A General Text in News Writing and Editing Complete with Exercises. New York, The Macmillan Company, 424 p.
Lanson G., Stephens M. 1994. Writing and Reporting the News. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 490 p.
Lewis S. 1996. News and Society in the Greek Polis. The University of North Carolina Press: 206 p.
Lippmann W. 1920. Liberty and the News. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 47 p. DOI: 10.32376/3f8575cb.2e69e142
Lippmann W., Merz C. 1920. A Test of News. The New Republic, 23(296): 1–42.
Maras S. 2013. Objectivity in journalism. Polity Press, 260 p.
Mindich D.T.Z. 1998. Just the Facts. How ”Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism. New York, New York University Press, 201 p.
Pratte P. 1995. Gods Within the Machine: A History of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1923–1999. Praeger Pub Text, 248 p.
Pulitzer J. 1904. The College of Journalism. The North American Review, 178(570): 641–680.
Ross C.G. 1911. The Writing of News: A Handbook with Chapters on Newspaper Correspond-ence and Copy Reading. New York, Henry Holt, 236 p.
Saalberg H. 1973. The Canons of Journalism: A 50-Year Perspective. Journalism Quarterly, 50(4): 731–734. DOI: 10.1177/107769907305000416
Schiller D. 1981. Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism. University of Pennsylvania Press, 222 p.
Schudson M. 1978. Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers. Basic Books, 228 p.
Schudson M. 2003. The Sociology of News. Norton, 261 p.
Stephens M. 1997. A History of News. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 353 p.
Stephens M. 2014. Beyond news: the future of journalism. Columbia University Press, 234 p.
Wien Ch. 2005. Defining Objectivity within Journalism. Nordicom Review, 26(2): 3–15. DOI: 10.1515/nor-2017-0255
Woolf D. 2005. News, History, and the Construction of the Present in Early Modern England. In: The Politics of Information in Early Modern Europe. Eds. S.A. Baron, B. Dooley. London, Routledge: 80–118. DOI: 10.4324/9780203991855
Yakovleva M. G. 2016. Ob"ektivnoe vs real'noe: kriticheskie zamechaniya k kontseptsii ob"ektivnoy zhurnalistiki [Objective vs Real: Critical remarks on the concept of objective journalism] Mediascope, 4. URL: http://www.mediascope.ru/2208 Accessed: 21.05.2024 (in Russian).
Andrews L.O. 1910. What Is News? The Sewanee Review, 18(1): 47–55.
Brooks B.S., Kennedy G., Moen D.R., Ranly D. 2001. Telling the Story: Writing for Print, Broadcast & Online Media. Bedford/Saint Martin's, 366 p.
De Beer A.S., Van Ryneveld L.F., Schreiner W.N. 2000. Leipzig: From Tobias Peucer’s De relationibus novellis (1690) to Ecquid Novi. Ecquid Novi, 21(1):6–61.
Gibaldi Jo. 1975. The Renaissance Theory of the Novella. Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée, 2(3): 201–227.
Hartley J. 1994. Understanding News. Routledge, 203 p.
Ickes H.L. 1939. America's House of Lords. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co., 214 р.
Johnson S., Harris J. 1942. The Complete Reporter: A General Text in News Writing and Editing Complete with Exercises. New York, The Macmillan Company, 424 p.
Lanson G., Stephens M. 1994. Writing and Reporting the News. Harcourt Brace College Pub-lishers, 490 p.
Lewis S. 1996. News and Society in the Greek Polis. The University of North Carolina Press: 206 p.
Lippmann W. 1920. Liberty and the News. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 47 p. DOI: 10.32376/3f8575cb.2e69e142
Lippmann W., Merz C. 1920. A Test of News. The New Republic, 23(296): 1–42.
Mindich D.T.Z. 1998. Just the Facts. How ”Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism. New York, New York University Press, 201 p.
Pratte P. 1995. Gods Within the Machine: A History of the American Society of Newspaper Edi-tors, 1923–1999. Praeger Pub Text, 248 p.
Pulitzer J. 1904. The College of Journalism. The North American Review, 178(570): 641–680.
Ross C.G. 1911. The Writing of News: A Handbook with Chapters on Newspaper Correspondence and Copy Reading. New York, Henry Holt, 236 p.
Saalberg H. 1973. The Canons of Journalism: A 50-Year Perspective. Journalism Quarterly, 50(4): 731–734. DOI: 10.1177/107769907305000416
Schudson M. 2003. The Sociology of News. Norton, 261 p.
Stephens M. 1997. A History of News. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 353 p.
Stephens M. 2014. Beyond news: the future of journalism. Columbia University Press, 234 p.
Wien Ch. 2005. Defining Objectivity within Journalism. Nordicom Review, 26(2): 3–15. DOI: 10.1515/nor-2017-0255
Woolf D. 2005. News, History, and the Construction of the Present in Early Modern England. In: The Politics of Information in Early Modern Europe. Eds. S.A. Baron, B. Dooley. London, Routledge: 80–118. DOI: 10.4324/9780203991855
Abstract views: 66
Share
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 Виталий Михайлович Виниченко
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
